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GNDU Question Paper-2023

Ba/BSc 5

Semester

MUSIC (Instrumental)

Time Allowed: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 50

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section.

SECTION-A

1. Explain in detail the development of music during modern period.

2. Explain the importance of time theory of Indian music.

SECTION-B

3. Highlight the contribution of Pt. Ravi Shankar towards Indian Classical music.

4. What are the advantages of Electronic musical instruments? Explain in detail.

SECTION-C

5. Write down Ekgun, Dugun and Chaugun of Tala Deepchandi.

6. Write down the description and notation of Raga Darbari Kanada' in drut gat with three

Toras.

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SECTION-D

7. Explain the use and importance of Kirtan Chowkies in Gurmat Sangeet.

8. Write down in detail interrelationship study between folk music and classical music.

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GNDU Question Paper-2023

Ba/BSc 5

Semester

MUSIC (Instrumental)

Time Allowed: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 50

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section.

SECTION-A

1. Explain in detail the development of music during modern period.

Ans; 1. Characteristics of Modern Music

The modern period in music is defined by certain features that distinguish it from earlier

eras like the Classical and Romantic periods. These include:

• Atonality: Unlike earlier music, which was based on a clear key or tonal center,

modern composers experimented with music that didn’t follow traditional tonal

rules.

• Experimentation with rhythm: Modern music introduced complex rhythms and

unusual time signatures that created more dynamic and unpredictable compositions.

• Use of new instruments and technology: The 20th century saw the incorporation of

electronic instruments and recording technologies, which greatly expanded the

possibilities for sound production.

• Breaking away from traditional forms: Composers moved away from traditional

forms such as the sonata or symphony, creating more abstract and free structures.

2. Influence of World Events

The 20th century was a time of major social, political, and technological change, and music

reflected these shifts. Two World Wars, the rise of mass media, and increased globalization

influenced composers to explore new themes and techniques. For example:

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• Post-World War I disillusionment led to more introspective and often dissonant

music, as composers sought to express the confusion and suffering of the time.

• Globalization and cross-cultural exchanges brought elements from non-Western

music into modern Western compositions, making music more diverse.

3. Key Movements in Modern Music

Several significant movements define modern music. Each had a profound impact on how

music was composed and understood.

A. Impressionism

Impressionism in music, similar to the art movement of the same name, emphasized mood

and atmosphere over clear, structured forms. Key composers include Claude Debussy and

Maurice Ravel, who sought to evoke images, emotions, or scenes through music.

• Claude Debussy's works like Clair de Lune and La Mer used ambiguous harmonies

and subtle changes in dynamics and tempo to create a dreamlike quality.

• Impressionist music often avoided traditional chord progressions and focused on

creating a feeling or impression.

B. Expressionism

Expressionism, associated with Arnold Schoenberg and his students Alban Berg and Anton

Webern, focused on representing intense emotions, often through dissonant and atonal

music. Atonality means the music lacks a clear key, making it feel unsettling or

unpredictable.

• Schoenberg’s twelve-tone technique is one of the most important contributions of

expressionism. It involves using all 12 notes of the chromatic scale equally, which

prevents any note from being the tonal center.

C. Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism emerged as a reaction to the complexity of late Romanticism and modernist

experiments. Composers like Igor Stravinsky and Paul Hindemith returned to the clarity and

formal structures of earlier periods, especially the Classical era, but combined these

elements with modern harmonies and rhythms.

• Stravinsky’s ballet Pulcinella and Hindemith’s Symphonic Metamorphosis are good

examples of neoclassical works that blend modern techniques with traditional forms.

D. Serialism

Serialism is an extension of Schoenberg’s twelve-tone technique, where not just pitch but

other musical elements like rhythm, dynamics, and articulation are serialized, meaning they

follow strict, pre-determined patterns. Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen were key

figures in this movement.

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• Serialism was highly intellectual and mathematical, with composers creating systems

to govern every aspect of their music. It was not always easy for listeners to follow,

but it had a significant impact on the academic study of music.

E. Minimalism

Minimalism emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the complexity and

abstraction of serialism and atonal music. It focused on simple, repetitive patterns, often

creating a hypnotic or meditative effect. Steve Reich, Philip Glass, and Terry Riley were key

figures.

• Minimalist music often uses repeated rhythmic and melodic patterns with gradual

changes over time. Reich’s Music for 18 Musicians and Glass’s Glassworks are classic

examples.

4. Advances in Technology

The 20th century also saw major technological advances that changed how music was

made, performed, and distributed.

A. Electronic Music

Electronic music began to emerge in the early 20th century with inventions like the

theremin and synthesizers. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Edgard Varèse were pioneers in this

field, using electronic sounds to create compositions that could not be played by traditional

instruments.

• By the mid-20th century, tape music, synthesizers, and eventually digital tools

allowed composers to manipulate sound in unprecedented ways.

B. The Recording Industry

The development of recording technology in the 20th century revolutionized how music was

distributed and consumed. The rise of radio, records, and later CDs and digital formats made

music more accessible than ever before.

• This led to the growth of popular music genres like jazz, rock, and pop, which

became central to global culture.

5. Influence of Non-Western Music

The modern period also saw a greater incorporation of non-Western musical elements into

Western compositions. Composers like Béla Bartók and Olivier Messiaen drew on folk music

traditions from Eastern Europe and India, while John Cage studied Asian philosophy and

music, particularly the ideas of chance and silence.

• This trend reflects the increased globalization of the 20th century, where musicians

were exposed to a wider range of influences from around the world.

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6. Popular Music and Jazz

In addition to changes in classical music, the 20th century saw the rise of popular music as a

significant cultural force.

A. Jazz

Jazz emerged in the early 20th century in the United States, combining African rhythms,

blues, and European harmonic traditions. It became one of the most influential musical

genres of the century, with artists like Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and Charlie Parker

leading the way.

• Jazz influenced both popular and classical music, with composers like George

Gershwin incorporating jazz elements into their works.

B. Rock, Pop, and Other Genres

Rock and pop music, which grew out of jazz, blues, and country music, became dominant

forms of music in the second half of the 20th century. Artists like The Beatles, Elvis Presley,

and Bob Dylan changed the landscape of music, while later genres like hip-hop and

electronic dance music (EDM) reflected the continuing evolution of popular music.

7. Contemporary Classical Music

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, classical composers continued to explore new

territories. Some key trends include:

• Postmodernism: This involves blending past styles with modern ones, creating a

more eclectic and less rigid approach to composition.

• Spectralism: Composers like Gérard Grisey and Tristan Murail focused on the

properties of sound itself, using computers to analyze and manipulate sound waves

in their compositions.

Conclusion

The development of music during the modern period reflects a vast array of changes in how

music is composed, performed, and understood. From the atonal and dissonant

experiments of the early 20th century to the rise of popular music genres and the use of

new technologies, modern music has expanded the boundaries of what is possible. This

period is marked by diversity, innovation, and a continual push towards breaking new

ground in the world of sound.

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2. Explain the importance of time theory of Indian music.

Ans: The Importance of the Time Theory in Indian Music

Indian classical music is deeply connected to nature, seasons, and time. One of the most

important aspects of this connection is the Time Theory, which is a unique feature of Indian

music. The Time Theory, or Samay Siddhanta, refers to the belief that specific ragas

(melodic frameworks) are best performed at particular times of the day or night to evoke

the intended emotional effect, or rasa. In Indian classical music, this link between raga and

time creates a harmonious balance between the external world (the time of day) and the

internal world (the emotions conveyed by the music).

This theory is rooted in the belief that human emotions and the natural surroundings are

intertwined with time. Performing a raga at its appropriate time enhances its emotional

impact, making the listener’s experience more profound. Let’s explore the importance of

this time theory in Indian music, step by step.

1. Connection Between Music and Nature

In Indian classical music, nature plays a significant role. Just as there are different moods

associated with different times of the day—such as calmness in the morning or energy in

the afternoon—music reflects these changes. The Time Theory matches specific ragas to the

natural changes that occur throughout the day. For example:

• Morning ragas: These ragas are usually serene and peaceful, representing the

calmness of the early hours. Examples include Bhairav and Todi.

• Afternoon ragas: These ragas have a lively and energetic feel, like Multani and

Sarang.

• Evening ragas: These ragas are more reflective or romantic, such as Yaman or Puriya

Dhanashree.

• Night ragas: These ragas evoke a sense of peace or longing, like Malkauns and

Darbari Kanada.

Thus, the time of day influences the kind of music that is performed, aligning the raga’s

mood with the natural rhythm of the environment.

2. Enhancing Emotional Expression

Indian classical music is centered on rasa, which refers to the emotional essence of a

performance. Different ragas are designed to evoke different emotions, such as joy, sorrow,

devotion, or serenity. The Time Theory enhances this emotional expression by performing a

raga at the time when its mood aligns with natural human emotions. For example, a raga

meant to evoke deep calmness may be performed early in the morning when people

generally feel more peaceful. On the other hand, a raga that conveys excitement or

liveliness is better suited for the afternoon when human energy levels are typically higher.

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Thus, the Time Theory helps musicians and listeners connect more deeply with the

emotional content of the music.

3. Spiritual and Meditative Aspects

Indian classical music is not just an art form, but also a spiritual practice for many musicians

and listeners. Ragas are often seen as more than just melodies—they are believed to have a

spiritual power that can influence the mind and body. The Time Theory takes this belief

further by suggesting that the spiritual effect of a raga is strongest when performed at the

right time.

For example, Raga Bhairav, which is associated with devotion and seriousness, is performed

in the early morning, a time when people are usually engaged in spiritual practices like

meditation or prayer. By aligning the performance of the raga with this time, it is believed

that the listener’s mind can more easily connect to the divine or to deeper inner truths.

4. Scientific and Psychological Basis

Although the Time Theory may sound mystical, it has some scientific and psychological

backing. Research in modern psychology shows that different times of the day affect our

mental states in specific ways:

• In the morning, people tend to feel more peaceful and focused.

• In the afternoon, people are generally more active and alert.

• In the evening, people often become more relaxed and introspective.

The Time Theory mirrors these psychological states by pairing ragas with the appropriate

time of day. Morning ragas are calming and meditative, while afternoon ragas are more

energetic and rhythmic. By following this natural psychological rhythm, the Time Theory

enhances the listener’s mental and emotional experience.

5. Traditional Wisdom and Cultural Practices

The Time Theory is also a reflection of the deep cultural and traditional roots of Indian

music. For centuries, Indian musicians have followed this tradition, passing it down from

generation to generation through the Guru-Shishya Parampara (teacher-student lineage). In

ancient times, Indian sages and musicians believed that music had the power to heal and

transform, and they developed the Time Theory to maximize this effect.

Performing a raga at its appropriate time is seen not only as a way to enhance the music’s

beauty but also as a way to honor the tradition of Indian classical music. This cultural

significance makes the Time Theory an essential part of any serious musician’s practice.

6. Different Ragas for Different Seasons

The Time Theory is also linked to the concept of seasonal ragas. Just as there are specific

ragas for different times of the day, there are also ragas that are associated with different

seasons. This idea is based on the belief that the human body and emotions respond

differently to the changes in weather and environment.

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For example, Raga Megh is traditionally performed during the monsoon season, as its

melodies are thought to evoke the mood of rain and renewal. Similarly, Raga Basant is

linked to springtime, representing joy and new beginnings. These seasonal ragas follow the

same principle as the Time Theory, connecting the music to the natural world in a

harmonious way.

7. Impact on Performance and Audience Engagement

For musicians, following the Time Theory can have a significant impact on how a

performance is received. When a raga is performed at its appropriate time, the audience is

more likely to feel emotionally connected to the music. The natural alignment between the

raga’s mood and the time of day creates a deeper, more immersive experience for listeners.

For example, an audience listening to an evening raga like Yaman at dusk is more likely to

feel the emotional depth of the music, as the raga’s mood aligns with the peaceful,

reflective atmosphere of the evening. This connection enhances the overall performance

and makes the music more impactful.

8. Modern-Day Relevance

In today’s world, the strict adherence to the Time Theory is not as common as it once was.

Many concerts, especially in cities, take place at times that may not align with the traditional

timing of certain ragas. However, many musicians still respect and follow the Time Theory in

their practice and performances, especially during festivals, special events, or traditional

settings.

Some contemporary musicians experiment with the Time Theory, blending it with modern

sensibilities while still respecting its essence. In classical settings, however, the Time Theory

remains a guiding principle for many respected musicians.

Conclusion

The Time Theory in Indian music is a profound and intricate concept that adds depth,

emotion, and meaning to the performance and experience of ragas. It connects music to

nature, enhances emotional expression, and honors centuries of cultural tradition. By

performing ragas at their appropriate times, musicians create a more harmonious

connection between the external world and the internal emotional world of the listener.

Although modern performances may not always adhere strictly to the Time Theory, its

importance in Indian classical music remains undiminished, continuing to inspire and guide

musicians and audiences alike.

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SECTION-B

3. Highlight the contribution of Pt. Ravi Shankar towards Indian Classical music.

Ans: Contribution of Pt. Ravi Shankar to Indian Classical Music

Pandit Ravi Shankar, one of the most famous Indian musicians, is renowned for his

exceptional skill with the sitar, as well as for popularizing Indian classical music across the

world. His contributions are wide-ranging, from promoting traditional forms of music to

blending them with modern elements, collaborating with global artists, and influencing how

Indian classical music is perceived in both India and the West. Below is an in-depth, easy-to-

understand exploration of his contributions.

Early Life and Musical Training

Born on April 7, 1920, in Varanasi, Ravi Shankar was exposed to music from an early age. His

elder brother, Uday Shankar, was a dancer and had a troupe that performed Indian classical

dance and music internationally. This exposure to different cultures and artistic styles

shaped his future music career.

At the age of 18, Ravi Shankar began training under Ustad Allauddin Khan, a legendary

musician of the Maihar gharana (a school of music in Indian classical tradition). This training

was rigorous and deeply rooted in Indian classical music traditions. His guru was not just a

teacher but a mentor who guided Shankar in mastering the intricacies of the sitar, raga

(melodic frameworks), and tala (rhythmic cycles). Shankar was not just learning to play the

sitar, but also gaining a deep understanding of the philosophy and spiritual aspects of Indian

classical music.

Mastery of the Sitar

Ravi Shankar's most iconic contribution to Indian classical music is his mastery of the sitar,

an ancient stringed instrument known for its complex and emotive sounds. The sitar is

difficult to play because it has many strings and requires precise control over rhythm and

melody. Shankar, through years of practice and innovation, transformed the sitar into a

globally recognized instrument. His ability to express deep emotions and moods through his

sitar performances won him praise from audiences and fellow musicians alike.

Shankar’s performances were not just about technical brilliance; they were also deeply

spiritual. Indian classical music is often seen as a way to connect with the divine, and

Shankar's music reflected this. Whether playing a serene morning raga or a fiery evening

raga, Shankar's music had the power to transport listeners into a meditative state.

Expanding the Reach of Indian Classical Music

Ravi Shankar is often credited with introducing Indian classical music to the Western world.

Although the West had some exposure to Indian music before Shankar, it was largely

unfamiliar to mainstream audiences. In the 1950s, Shankar began to tour extensively in

Europe and the United States. His performances were not just concerts but cultural

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exchanges, where he introduced Western audiences to the rich tradition of Indian classical

music.

One of Shankar’s key contributions was explaining the structure and philosophy of Indian

classical music to Western audiences in a simple and engaging way. He would often begin

his concerts by explaining the raga he was about to play, what mood it conveyed, and how it

would unfold. This approach helped demystify Indian music for audiences who were

unfamiliar with its intricacies.

Shankar also made numerous recordings that were released globally, allowing people who

had never attended one of his live performances to experience his music. His albums gained

popularity, and many Western listeners developed an appreciation for the depth and

complexity of Indian classical music.

Collaboration with Western Artists

One of the most remarkable aspects of Ravi Shankar's career was his collaborations with

Western musicians. In the 1960s, he worked with several prominent figures in the world of

Western music, most famously George Harrison of The Beatles. Harrison was deeply

influenced by Shankar’s music, and the two developed a strong personal and musical bond.

Their collaboration helped introduce Indian classical music to a broader audience. Harrison

learned to play the sitar under Shankar's guidance, and Indian influences became evident in

some of The Beatles' songs, such as "Norwegian Wood" and "Within You Without You." The

partnership between Shankar and Harrison was a landmark moment in the fusion of Eastern

and Western musical traditions.

Shankar’s collaborations were not limited to pop music. He worked with classical Western

musicians as well, including Yehudi Menuhin, a world-renowned violinist. Their album, West

Meets East, won a Grammy Award and was a groundbreaking fusion of Indian and Western

classical music traditions. This collaboration demonstrated that Indian classical music could

be seamlessly integrated into different musical styles, without losing its unique identity.

Composer and Innovator

Ravi Shankar was not only a performer but also a prolific composer. He composed music for

orchestras, ballets, and films, blending Indian classical music with Western musical forms.

His compositions for sitar and orchestra, such as Concerto for Sitar and Orchestra, showed

that Indian classical music could hold its own on the world stage. These works bridged the

gap between different musical traditions and helped foster a deeper understanding and

appreciation of Indian classical music.

Shankar’s innovative approach also extended to the world of film music. He composed the

soundtrack for several Indian films, including Satyajit Ray's famous Apu Trilogy (Pather

Panchali, Aparajito, and Apur Sansar). His music added a layer of emotional depth to these

films, enhancing their impact and contributing to their international success.

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Ambassador of Indian Culture

Through his global performances and collaborations, Ravi Shankar became a cultural

ambassador for India. He represented the richness of Indian classical music and showcased

its relevance in a rapidly modernizing world. His efforts earned him worldwide recognition

and numerous accolades, including India’s highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna, in 1999.

Beyond music, Shankar used his platform to promote peace and spirituality. His

performances were often linked to causes that promoted non-violence, cultural

understanding, and social harmony. For example, he was instrumental in organizing the

Concert for Bangladesh in 1971, along with George Harrison, to raise funds for refugees

affected by the Bangladesh Liberation War. This concert was one of the first major benefit

concerts of its kind and set the stage for similar events in the future.

Educator and Mentor

Ravi Shankar was also a dedicated educator. He taught numerous students over the course

of his life, both in India and abroad. Many of his students, including his daughter Anoushka

Shankar, went on to become renowned musicians in their own right. Shankar was not just

interested in producing virtuoso performers; he was also keen on preserving and passing on

the spiritual and philosophical aspects of Indian classical music.

Through his teaching, Shankar ensured that the rich tradition of Indian classical music would

be carried forward to future generations. He established music schools in India and the

United States, where students could learn Indian classical music in a structured and

immersive environment. His commitment to education extended to writing, as he authored

several books that explained the theory and practice of Indian classical music.

Legacy and Influence

Ravi Shankar’s influence on both Indian and global music cannot be overstated. He played a

crucial role in transforming Indian classical music into a global phenomenon. His ability to

blend tradition with innovation ensured that Indian classical music remained relevant in a

changing world.

Shankar’s legacy continues through his recordings, compositions, and the work of his

students. His daughter, Anoushka Shankar, has carried forward his musical tradition,

becoming a prominent sitar player and composer in her own right. Many Western

musicians, from The Beatles to jazz and classical artists, have acknowledged Shankar’s

influence on their work.

In recognition of his contributions, Ravi Shankar received numerous honors throughout his

life. These include several Grammy Awards, honorary doctorates from prestigious

universities, and the aforementioned Bharat Ratna. His music, philosophy, and life’s work

continue to inspire musicians and audiences around the world.

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Conclusion

Pandit Ravi Shankar’s contributions to Indian classical music are vast and enduring. He was a

master sitarist, a cultural ambassador, an educator, and a composer who brought Indian

classical music to the world stage. Through his performances, collaborations, and teachings,

he not only preserved the traditions of Indian classical music but also expanded its reach,

making it a truly global art form. His legacy continues to inspire new generations of

musicians and will remain a cornerstone of Indian classical music for years to come.

4. What are the advantages of Electronic musical instruments? Explain in detail.

Ans: 1. Versatility and Sound Variety

One of the greatest advantages of electronic instruments is their ability to produce a wide

range of sounds. With electronic keyboards, synthesizers, and digital audio workstations

(DAWs), musicians can access hundreds of sounds and tones, from traditional instrument

sounds (like piano or violin) to completely new, futuristic tones. This variety helps musicians

explore creativity across different genres without needing multiple physical instruments.

2. Portability

Traditional instruments like grand pianos or large drum sets are bulky and hard to move. In

contrast, electronic instruments tend to be lightweight and more portable. For example, an

electronic keyboard can replicate the sound of a piano but is much easier to transport.

Musicians benefit from being able to carry these instruments to performances, studios, or

practice sessions with ease.

3. Cost Efficiency

In many cases, electronic instruments are more affordable than their acoustic counterparts.

Purchasing one electronic keyboard or synthesizer can give you access to multiple

instruments in one device, saving money compared to buying each instrument separately.

Moreover, many electronic instruments have built-in software or effects that replace the

need for expensive external equipment.

4. Ease of Learning and Practicing

Electronic instruments often come with features that make learning easier for beginners.

For instance, keyboards may include light-up keys to guide beginners through songs, and

synthesizers may have presets that allow users to explore different sound effects without

needing expert knowledge. Many devices also have built-in tutorials or can connect to

educational apps, helping musicians learn at their own pace.

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Additionally, many electronic instruments offer features like headphone jacks, which enable

private practice without disturbing others. This is especially useful for people living in

apartments or shared spaces.

5. Recording and Editing Capabilities

With electronic musical instruments, recording music is much simpler than with acoustic

instruments. Many devices come with built-in recording functions or can easily connect to

recording software on a computer. This allows musicians to produce high-quality recordings

without needing a full professional studio.

Electronic instruments also make editing easy. With DAWs, musicians can edit mistakes,

adjust tempo, change the pitch, or even layer multiple tracks seamlessly. This flexibility in

recording and editing provides immense creative freedom and efficiency.

6. Innovative Performance Techniques

Electronic instruments introduce new ways to perform. Controllers like MIDI keyboards,

drum pads, or DJ equipment allow musicians to manipulate sound in real-time, creating live

effects or remixing tracks during a performance. Instruments like synthesizers can produce

sounds through programming, allowing for precise control over each note or effect.

Moreover, live looping and sampling techniques made possible by electronic instruments

have become widely popular in modern music. Artists can record and play back segments of

music live, creating complex soundscapes on the spot.

7. Accessibility and Customization

Musicians can customize the sounds and setups of electronic instruments to suit their

specific needs. For example, electronic drum sets allow players to adjust the sound of each

drum to fit different musical styles. Likewise, software instruments in DAWs can be

programmed and altered to create personalized tones or effects.

This level of customization makes electronic instruments adaptable to various musical

genres and performance settings, giving musicians complete control over their sound.

8. Integration with Technology

Electronic musical instruments easily integrate with modern technology, such as computers,

tablets, and smartphones. This integration enhances both the creative and production

process. By connecting instruments to software, musicians can access virtual instruments,

sound libraries, and even collaborate with other artists remotely.

MIDI technology is a key component of electronic music-making. It allows instruments to

communicate with computers and other devices, enabling musicians to trigger sounds,

record performances, and control multiple instruments simultaneously.

9. Eco-Friendly Option

Electronic instruments are considered more environmentally friendly in some cases because

they reduce the need for traditional materials used in making acoustic instruments (like

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wood or animal skins). Additionally, some electronic instruments are designed to be energy-

efficient, contributing to a lower environmental footprint.

10. Improvisation and Experimentation

With electronic instruments, improvisation becomes more exciting. Musicians can

manipulate sound in real-time, experiment with different effects, or create entirely new

sounds. This opens up limitless possibilities for creativity and innovation in music, allowing

artists to push the boundaries of their work.

Conclusion

The advantages of electronic musical instruments are numerous and cater to musicians at

all levels, from beginners to professionals. Their versatility, portability, and integration with

technology make them an essential part of modern music creation and performance.

Whether it’s for learning, composing, performing, or producing, electronic instruments offer

tools that enhance creativity, efficiency, and convenience in the music-making process.

SECTION-C

5. Write down Ekgun, Dugun and Chaugun of Tala Deepchandi.

Ans: To understand the concepts of Ekgun, Dugun, and Chaugun in the context of Tala

Deepchandi, it's essential to first get a basic idea of what these terms represent in

Hindustani classical music. These are different rhythmic patterns or "layakaris" based on

how fast or slow a composition is played relative to the base time cycle of the taal.

Tala Deepchandi:

Deepchandi is a 14-beat rhythmic cycle or taal commonly used in semi-classical music forms

like Thumri and Dadra. It is divided into 4 segments, or vibhags, of 3, 4, 3, and 4 beats,

respectively. Its basic structure can be counted as:

• Dha Dhin Dhin Dha | Dha Tin Tin Ta | Ta Dhin Dhin Dha | Dha Tin Tin Ta

Ekgun, Dugun, and Chaugun:

Now, let’s break down these terms:

1. Ekgun (Single speed):

o Ekgun means playing each beat exactly as per the structure of the taal. In the

case of Deepchandi, you would play one beat per matra (beat) of the taal,

thus maintaining the original tempo or laya.

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o If Deepchandi is played in Ekgun, you would strike the tabla or perform hand

movements in sync with each of the 14 beats of the taal without any

additional subdivisions.

2. Dugun (Double speed):

o Dugun refers to playing at double the speed of the taal. For Deepchandi,

instead of striking once per beat, you would strike twice within each beat,

essentially doubling the number of strokes in the same time period.

o If Deepchandi in Dugun is represented visually, every matra or beat will have

two strokes:

▪ Dha-Dha Dhin-Dhin Dhin-Dhin Dha-Dha | Dha-Dha Tin-Tin Tin-Tin

Ta-Ta | etc.

3. Chaugun (Quadruple speed):

o Chaugun means playing at four times the original speed. So, for every matra

(beat) of the 14-beat Deepchandi cycle, you would play four strokes.

o The strokes will be even faster, and instead of one or two, you’ll perform four

strikes per beat.

Example Breakdown in Deepchandi Taal:

• Ekgun: Play one stroke per beat, totaling 14 strokes in one complete cycle of

Deepchandi.

• Dugun: Play two strokes per beat, totaling 28 strokes in one complete cycle.

• Chaugun: Play four strokes per beat, totaling 56 strokes in one complete cycle.

Practical Applications:

These variations in speed (Ekgun, Dugun, Chaugun) are crucial when performing classical

music because they help showcase a musician’s control over rhythm and timing. In live

performances, transitioning between Ekgun, Dugun, and Chaugun can captivate the

audience by increasing the intensity of the music gradually.

In Hindustani classical music education, students practice these layakaris (rhythmic

variations) to develop strong timing and precision. Each level of speed (Ekgun, Dugun,

Chaugun) demands a different degree of concentration and physical coordination, especially

when playing on an instrument like the tabla.

Summary:

• Ekgun: Single speed (one stroke per beat).

• Dugun: Double speed (two strokes per beat).

• Chaugun: Quadruple speed (four strokes per beat).

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Mastering these rhythmic variations in the Tala Deepchandi or any other taal is a key

element in becoming proficient in Hindustani classical music, particularly in tabla and other

percussive instruments.

6. Write down the description and notation of Raga Darbari Kanada' in drut gat with three

Toras.

Ans: Raga Darbari Kanada in Drut Gat with Three Toras:

Raga Darbari Kanada is one of the most profound and popular ragas in Indian classical

music, particularly in the Hindustani tradition. It is believed to have been composed by Mian

Tansen, one of the Navaratnas in the court of Emperor Akbar. This raga evokes a mood of

seriousness, solemnity, and pathos, making it often used in the late-night hours and in

performances intended to stir deep emotions like longing and sadness.

Structure of Raga Darbari Kanada:

1. Arohana (Ascending scale): S R (komal) g M P D n S’

2. Avarohana (Descending scale): S' n D P M P g M R S

• The raga uses komal (flat) forms of the notes Ga (G) and Ni (N). The way the notes

are approached is very important in creating the distinct melodic feel of Darbari

Kanada. The descent is slow and embellished, which adds to the raga's emotional

depth.

• The raga follows a vakra or twisted approach in both ascent and descent. The zigzag

pattern creates an intricate interplay of notes.

Drut Gat in Darbari Kanada:

The Drut Gat is a fast-tempo composition usually performed after a slow, meditative alap

(introductory section) and vilambit gat (slow composition). The drut gat allows for more

lively, intricate, and complex patterns, and is often where the virtuosity of the

instrumentalist is showcased. In Darbari Kanada, the drut gat brings an exciting contrast to

the heavy, serious mood of the raga.

Notation of Drut Gat in Teentaal:

Teentaal (16-beat cycle) is typically used for the drut gat in Darbari Kanada. Here’s an

example of how the taal and composition might be structured:

• Bol (syllables of the tabla in Teentaal): Dha Dhin Dhin Dha | Dha Dhin Dhin Dha | Na

Tin Tin Na | Dhin Dhin Dha Dha

• Sample Drut Gat Notation: S R S g M | P M P D n D | P M g M | R S g M R S ||

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This notation is simplified for easier understanding and can vary according to the artist's

interpretation and elaboration.

Toras in Drut Gat:

In instrumental music, Toras are rhythmic variations or improvisations that blend the

melody of the raga with complex rhythm patterns. These are performed after the main

composition in the drut gat to enhance the dynamic nature of the performance.

Three examples of Toras:

1. First Tora: In this Tora, the artist might explore a straight rhythmic pattern, staying

within the framework of the raga's mood but introducing brisk movements across

the octave.

o Example: S R g M | P D n S' | D n P M | g M R S ||

2. Second Tora: This could involve more intricate ornamentations like meends (gliding

between notes) and gamaks (vibrations on a note).

o Example: S (Meend to) D | n D P M | g M (Gamaka on) R S | R S n S ||

3. Third Tora: The final Tora might combine fast-paced rhythmic variations with

syncopated beats, adding excitement to the performance before concluding the drut

gat.

o Example: S R g M P | D n S' D n P | M P g M | R S ||

Each of these Toras would add variety and keep the audience engaged with the musician's

dexterity in both the raga and the taal.

Mood and Emotion:

Raga Darbari Kanada is renowned for its ability to evoke deep emotions, particularly feelings

of seriousness and grandeur. The characteristic slow, deliberate glide between notes

(known as meend) and the heavy use of komal (flat) notes lend the raga its unique texture,

often associated with royal courts, hence the name "Darbari."

It’s a raga that’s highly regarded for its ability to convey a deep sense of introspection and

devotion, which is why it is often performed in a meditative mood during late-night

concerts.

Conclusion:

Raga Darbari Kanada in drut gat, especially with the use of Toras, allows musicians to delve

deep into the raga's emotional depth while also showcasing their technical prowess. The use

of meends and gamaks, along with the intricate rhythmic play in the Toras, makes this raga

both intellectually stimulating and emotionally moving. It’s a timeless raga that continues to

captivate both musicians and listeners with its power to evoke profound emotions.

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SECTION-D

7. Explain the use and importance of Kirtan Chowkies in Gurmat Sangeet.

Ans: Kirtan Chowkies and Their Importance in Gurmat Sangeet

In Sikhism, Kirtan (the singing of hymns from the Guru Granth Sahib) plays a pivotal role in

spiritual practice and worship. Gurmat Sangeet, which refers to music in accordance with

the teachings of the Gurus, forms the heart of Sikh devotional singing. The Kirtan Chowkie

holds a special place in this context. A Chowkie refers to a fixed musical session, often held

in a gurdwara, where kirtan is performed using traditional instruments. These sessions serve

multiple purposes, including spiritual upliftment, community bonding, and the preservation

of Sikh musical traditions.

Historical Background of Gurmat Sangeet

The roots of Gurmat Sangeet can be traced back to the times of the Sikh Gurus, particularly

Guru Nanak and Guru Arjan Dev. Guru Nanak used music as a medium to convey spiritual

and philosophical messages, and this tradition was continued by the succeeding Gurus. Guru

Arjan Dev, the fifth Guru, compiled the Guru Granth Sahib, organizing the hymns according

to raags (musical modes) to provide a structured and melodious form of worship. This

integration of music with spirituality became the foundation of Sikh Kirtan practices

The Role of Kirtan Chowkies in Sikh Worship

Kirtan Chowkies are formal sessions in which a group of ragis (kirtan singers) perform hymns

from the Guru Granth Sahib. These sessions are traditionally accompanied by classical

instruments like the taus, dilruba, tabla, and harmonium. The singing of hymns in a kirtan

chowkie helps focus the congregation's mind on divine contemplation, fostering a

connection with Waheguru (God).

1. Spiritual Connection: The primary purpose of kirtan chowkies is to facilitate a

connection with the divine. The hymns in shabad kirtan often express themes of

devotion, humility, and the pursuit of spiritual truth. By engaging in kirtan, the

congregation immerses themselves in the teachings of the Gurus and reflects on the

divine essence.

2. Community Bonding: In Sikhism, the collective worship experience is significant.

Kirtan Chowkies bring the community together in spiritual practice, promoting unity

and harmony. The shared experience of kirtan fosters a sense of belonging among

participants, reinforcing the importance of Sangat (congregation).

3. Cultural and Musical Preservation: Gurmat Sangeet is not just a form of worship but

also a cultural tradition. Through kirtan chowkies, traditional Sikh music and

instruments are preserved and passed down to future generations. This ensures that

the rich heritage of Sikh musical tradition is maintained, despite the growing

popularity of modern instruments like the harmonium

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The Structure and Performance of Kirtan Chowkies

A typical kirtan chowkie follows a structured format. The kirtanis begin with Asa Di Vaar or

other selected hymns based on the occasion or time of day. The hymns are sung in a specific

raaga (melodic framework) as prescribed in the Guru Granth Sahib. Each raag is designed to

evoke a particular emotion, guiding the listener into a contemplative state.

1. Instruments Used: The traditional instruments used in Kirtan Chowkies include:

o Taus: A stringed instrument resembling a peacock, played with a bow, and

known for its deep, resonant sound.

o Dilruba: A more portable version of the taus, which has a soulful tone and is

commonly used in classical Sikh music.

o Tabla: A pair of drums that provide rhythm and complement the melodic

instruments.

o Jori: A similar percussion instrument used to maintain the rhythmic cycle

during kirtan

These instruments are integral to the kirtan chowkie as they help create the appropriate

mood for the spiritual experience. The sound of these traditional instruments aligns with the

human voice, allowing the performers to articulate the nuances of raaga effectively.

2. Prescribed Raagas: The hymns of Guru Granth Sahib are organized into 31 raagas.

Each raag is tied to a specific mood and time of day, creating an emotional and

spiritual resonance during the performance. For example, Raag Asa is sung in the

early morning hours to evoke a sense of hope and positivity, while Raag Bhairav is

used to create an atmosphere of solemnity

Importance in Gurmat Sangeet Education

Kirtan Chowkies also play a significant role in the teaching and learning of Gurmat Sangeet.

In various gurdwaras and Sikh academies, students are taught how to perform kirtan using

traditional instruments. These educational sessions ensure that the younger generation

learns the technical and spiritual aspects of Sikh music, including the mastery of raagas and

traditional instruments

By organizing regular kirtan chowkies, gurdwaras encourage youth participation, thereby

preserving the musical heritage. This engagement also deepens their understanding of Sikh

philosophy and spirituality through music. Additionally, kirtan chowkies serve as a platform

for emerging kirtanis to practice and showcase their skills in front of a congregation,

fostering both spiritual and musical growth.

Conclusion

Kirtan Chowkies are central to the practice of Gurmat Sangeet, serving as a conduit for

spiritual reflection, community cohesion, and cultural preservation. Through the

performance of shabad kirtan in a structured format, the essence of Sikh teachings is

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conveyed in a melodious and spiritually uplifting manner. These sessions not only provide a

platform for communal worship but also ensure the continuity of traditional Sikh music,

enriching the spiritual lives of the Sikh community.

8. Write down in detail interrelationship study between folk music and classical music.

Ans: The interrelationship between folk music and classical music is a fascinating topic,

showcasing how these two forms of musical expression influence each other while

maintaining distinct identities. Folk and classical music have evolved through different

cultural, social, and historical contexts, yet their connection can be seen in various ways,

including musical structures, themes, and instruments.

Folk Music: Rooted in Tradition

Folk music is often passed down orally from generation to generation and reflects the

traditions, culture, and daily life of a community. It is closely tied to the social fabric of rural

societies and is typically associated with communal singing, dancing, and storytelling. This

genre of music uses simple melodies and structures, but it is rich in emotion and cultural

significance. One of the primary characteristics of folk music is that it is a reflection of the

lives of ordinary people, often involving themes like nature, love, work, and hardship.

Folk music is flexible and evolves as it gets passed down, with variations in melodies and

lyrics depending on the region or community. The simplicity of folk tunes also allows them

to be performed using a variety of instruments like the flute, violin, drums, and even

makeshift instruments. It is also marked by improvisation and regional diversity, which gives

it a raw, earthy quality.

Classical Music: Structured and Refined

On the other hand, classical music is a more formalized and institutionalized genre, often

associated with academic or courtly traditions. It emphasizes precision, complexity, and

composition. Classical music is written down in musical notation, allowing for a consistent

performance of works across time and space. This music is generally composed by

professionally trained musicians and is performed in more formal settings like concert halls.

Unlike folk music, classical music follows strict compositional rules and forms, such as the

sonata, symphony, and concerto. The instruments used in classical music are typically more

sophisticated and include the piano, violin, cello, and various woodwind and brass

instruments. Classical music also aims to evoke deep emotional or intellectual responses

through its intricate harmonies and technical mastery.

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Points of Interconnection

While folk and classical music seem to exist in separate realms, they are interconnected in

many ways:

1. Influence of Folk Music on Classical Composers: Classical composers have often

drawn inspiration from folk music. For example, Béla Bartók, a Hungarian composer

and ethnomusicologist, collected and studied folk music from Eastern Europe,

incorporating folk rhythms and scales into his classical compositions. Similarly,

composers like Antonín Dvořák and Johannes Brahms incorporated folk melodies

into their works. Dvořák’s “New World Symphony” and Brahms' “Hungarian Dances”

are well-known examples where folk music is deeply intertwined with classical

compositions.

2. Shared Themes and Forms: Both folk and classical music explore universal human

themes such as love, nature, and the passage of time. Folk music often tells stories

through its lyrics, and similarly, classical music, especially in the Romantic period,

uses orchestral arrangements to evoke emotions and tell a narrative. Even the

structural form of folk songs, such as repetitive melodies and verses, has been

adopted by some classical works. Many folk songs are strophic, meaning the same

melody is repeated with different lyrics, a form that classical composers have

occasionally used in art songs and symphonies.

3. Adaptation of Folk Tunes into Classical Works: Folk music’s simple melodies have

often been adapted into classical works. For instance, traditional songs are

frequently arranged for orchestras or chamber music, giving them a new life in the

classical music tradition. In Russia, composers like Modest Mussorgsky and Nikolai

Rimsky-Korsakov made use of Russian folk music in their compositions, blending folk

motifs with classical form to create works that resonated with both the elite and

common people.

4. Oral vs. Written Traditions: One of the key differences between folk and classical

music is the way they are transmitted. Folk music has traditionally been passed

down orally, meaning that it is more flexible and prone to change with each

performance. In contrast, classical music is preserved in written notation, which

ensures that performances remain consistent with the original composition. Despite

this difference, folk melodies have found their way into the classical repertoire,

where they are meticulously notated and performed in structured settings.

5. Instruments and Performance Styles: Both genres share some common instruments.

For example, the violin is prevalent in both classical and folk traditions, though it is

played differently. In classical music, the violin is played with precision, following

strict technical standards, while in folk music, the violin (or fiddle) is often played

with a more relaxed and improvisational style. Other instruments, like flutes and

percussion, also appear in both traditions, though the way they are used and the

technical demands placed on the musicians can vary significantly.

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6. Improvisation and Ornamentation: Folk music often allows for greater

improvisation, with musicians frequently adding their own flourishes or variations to

a melody. Classical music, particularly in the Baroque period, also embraced

ornamentation, where performers were encouraged to embellish the written music

with trills, turns, and other decorative elements. In both cases, the skill of the

musician is displayed through their ability to interpret the music in a personal way,

though classical music later shifted toward stricter adherence to the written score.

Conclusion

The interrelationship between folk and classical music shows how these two distinct

traditions can influence and enrich one another. While folk music remains deeply connected

to its roots in rural life and communal activities, classical music represents a more

formalized and structured approach to composition and performance. Despite these

differences, the two genres share a deep connection, with classical music often borrowing

from and being inspired by the simplicity, emotion, and storytelling found in folk traditions.

Ultimately, both folk and classical music serve as vital expressions of human culture, each

contributing in its own way to the rich tapestry of musical history. The ongoing dialogue

between these genres continues to shape the world of music today, bridging the gap

between tradition and innovation

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